The oral manifestation of bismuthism includes oral pigmentation known as bismuth lines. Bismuth poisoning is also known as bismuthism, which is caused by bismuth containing medicinal preparations.The metals leading to oral pigmentation include bismuth, mercury, lead, silver, arsenic, copper and zinc. Minocycline, an antibiotic used in the treatment of acne and urinary tract infections (UTIs), may also lead to gray to black large localized pigmentation on the hard palate and mucous membrane of oral cavity. Quinolone, hydroxyyquinolone and amodiaquine anti-malarial drugs can lead to brown to black oral pigmentation. Mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine may also cause oral pigmentation. The lesion is usually located over the gum line of the lower teeth. The pigments are black to blue in color and may gradually increase in size. It may be caused due deposition of amalgam in the abraded gingiva (gum) during routine amalgam filling or due to broken pieces of amalgam embedded in the tooth socket during extraction of a tooth. The lesion is commonly known as ‘amalgam tattoo’. The iatrogenic pigmentation of oral cavity is generally seen with metallic restorations such as dental amalgam. Iatrogenic causes arise when treatment is undertaken for some reason thereby leading to oral pigmentation. Similar lesions are seen with users of tooth pastes containing charcoal or certain home remedy mouth rinses or throat gargles. The condition is commonly referred as ‘graphite tattoos’.
Translator english to spanish Patch#
The discoloration is a focal gray to black colored patch of discolored mucosa. Such types of injuries are commonly seen in children with broken off pencil points embedded in the gums. The accidental exogenous pigmentation of oral mucosa (inner mouth lining) may be caused due injuries leading to certain external particles getting embedded in the lacerated mucous membrane and causing discolorations. The more common pigments include melanin (skin and eye pigment), hemoglobin (pigment from red blood cells), hemosiderin (from red blood cell breakdown) and other chemicals formed within the body. Endogenous PigmentationĮndogenous pigmentation is discoloration from substances originating within the body. The exogenous pigmentation can be accidental, iatrogenic or by poisoning.
It arises as a result of introduction of a metal or a drug within the body through the mucous membrane, intestinal tract or skin. Oral pigmentation is chiefly classified in to two typesĮxogenous pigmentation is a condition where pigments are sourced from external sources that either make contact with the inner mouth lining or ingested and deposited in the oral mucosa. Therefore oral pigmentation needs to be assessed carefully by a medical professional. It can be an important symptom, sometimes the first symptom, of several important and severe diseases. Oral pigmentation may be associated with certain minor local factors or underlying systemic disease. This discoloration occurs due to the deposition of different colored materials over the oral mucosa which can be of physiological or pathological in nature. Oral pigmentation refers to discoloration of the inner lining of the mouth (oral mucosa) from its normally pink hue.
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